Make streusel first by combining flour, both sugars, cinnamon, and salt in a bowl. Add very cold cubed butter and work with fingertips until crumbly with pea-sized pieces. Refrigerate while making batter to keep butter cold.
Preheat oven to 400°F and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners or grease wells. High initial temperature is crucial for dramatic rise. Don't skip preheating or muffins won't dome properly.
Whisk dry ingredients including flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, and nutmeg in a large bowl. Whisk thoroughly for 30 seconds to distribute leavening evenly. Proper mixing prevents bitter pockets of baking soda.
Combine wet ingredients by whisking melted butter, sugar, egg, and vanilla in a separate bowl until smooth. The mixture should look pale and well blended. Add buttermilk and stir gently until just combined.
Mix wet into dry by pouring wet ingredients into flour mixture and folding with a spatula. Stir just until no dry streaks remain—don't overmix. A few lumps are perfect and indicate proper technique.
Fold in diced apples using gentle motions to distribute fruit evenly throughout batter. Don't crush apple pieces or overmix at this stage. The batter should be thick with visible apple chunks.
Fill muffin cups two-thirds to three-quarters full using an ice cream scoop for consistent sizes. Divide batter evenly among all 12 cups. Generous portions create those impressive bakery-style muffins.
Top with streusel by sprinkling cold crumble mixture generously over each muffin. Don't be shy—pile it high for maximum crunch. Gently pat down so topping adheres to batter.
Bake at 400°F for 5 minutes then reduce temperature to 375°F without opening the oven door. Continue baking for 15-20 minutes more until golden brown. A toothpick inserted in center should have moist crumbs, not wet batter.
Cool in pan for 5-10 minutes before transferring to a wire rack. The muffins need to set slightly or they'll break when removing. Cool completely before adding optional glaze if desired.